It is my research topic at the time. What these factors are the structure and function, how the interaction between each other? Clearly, to clarify such complex phenomena requires many laboratory division of labor.
Eukaryotic transcription is a complex process and requires the participation of many protein factors. The transcription model that some of the major transcription factor is how
Each response.
I was fortunate to witness and participate in this great mystery is how to gradually break, the wrong understanding of how to make but was quickly corrected. The study is almost everchanging. I remember the "Science" magazine has predicted the academic authority of the 21st century, technological advances, many people have mentioned that the transcription of eukaryotic cells
Will be cracking the mystery. The fact, long into the 21st century, the mystery of this phenomenon in general have been clear of.
Since this study is so important, from a Nobel laureate on just a matter of time.
Nobel House: Roger Kornberg and his father, Arthur Kornberg. Prominent figures in this area about four or five individuals, we as
Nucleus are collectively referred to as eukaryotes, including human. Transcription phenomenon is one of the most basic biological phenomena, it refers to the genetic information from deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) is passed to the ribonucleic acid (RNA), that is, how to make the template DNA to synthesize RNA. Why the body’s every cell contains the same set of genes, they occur
In different forms and functions? This is related with the regulation of transcription. Cancer, metabolic diseases and other diseases, there are also related to abnormal transcription.
Prokaryotic transcription process is relatively simple, usually by an RNA polymerase and a transcription factor to be completed, and seven in the eighties of last century it has been studied more thoroughly, and we
Began to move closer to our health and Research related to eukaryotes. Then the situation becomes extremely complex. Eukaryotic RNA polymerase is not only much more complicated than prokaryotes, and its transcription process requires the participation of many protein factors, known to some 60 species, most notably 5 general transcription factors, of which one is me mentor first discovered, and
Of RNA , and in the late 20th century, RNA of 90 just to enter the mainland, Roger Kornberg in 2001 because of eukaryotic RNA polymerase break the molecular structure of the 2006 Nobel Prize in Chemistry. Fang on the United Nations Some academic authority on the big criticism, saying ‘RNA level of’ is ‘fiction’, ‘idiot’ and ‘trickster’ and so
On, will China nipped in the bud in RNA research. "It makes me almost to tears, not only in this case is purely fabrication, and I myself have done so precisely "RNA level of research," was once the only winner last Nobel prize in chemistry, Stanford University professor Roger Kornberg (Roger Kornberg) peers, and his margin of one side of
.
The last century, the early 90s, I was studying biochemistry American University Dr. It is time for research on the phenomenon of eukaryotic transcription, when the most popular. The biological world, can be divided into two categories: bacteria, algae and other lower organisms there is no real nucleus of cells, called prokaryotes, the other with a real biological cell
Have not won the Nobel Prize." Proved in the 1950 mutation is due to a change in the DNA sequence, and make every biology student is taught the theory of the cistron. The 1960s, he turned to fruit flies were used to study gene and animal behavior, the relationship between development and made a series of important discoveries (including the
Discovery of the gene in a control animal behavior a biological clock controlling Drosophila genes), making this classic fruit fly genetics heroes lonely years later, in the era of molecular biology rebecome a popular animal model. These are farreaching pioneering work, Bunzl has acquired almost all of the Biomedical Science Award (Laska Award, Graf Prize, Wolf Prize, etc.), only that
Lack of a Nobel Prize. However, he has more than 80 years old (Born 1921), may not have Brunner so lucky.
Early 2007, the South, published an article against a weekly antipseudoscience article, claiming that will deal a blow against pseudoscience, technological innovation, the example is: "Last year’s Nobel chemistry prize was awarded to two scientists in the United States
Several thousand (depending on the number of the General Assembly to participate in international nematode estimate), to some extent, these people can be said Brunner’s disciples. In the history of science, such as the Brenner to a handedly created a lively area, is very rare, its impact so great, first with Morgan comparable with the fruit fly of genetics. Some
People need to glorify the Nobel Prize for their own, while others are for the Nobel Prize awardwinning thespians. Brenner’s award is no doubt the latter. Nobel Prize awarded to people who should not have missed the prize of the people, not uncommon in history. Brenner’s longevity makes the Nobel Prize did not Xintian regret.
One interesting problem is: After
Brunner, who is biology, "the most intelligent people who have not won the Nobel Prize?" I think many people would agree to give the title of Professor Seymour Bunzl California Institute of Technology (Seymour Benzer). And Brenner, as Bunzl is involved in molecular biology to create an important figure, after the Ze became biologists in Brunner "the smartest people who
Found in the human genome, there is a similar gene ced3. In fact, we now know the genes found in C. elegans, most are easily found in a similar human gene, and many of the human genome was transferred to nematodes after
Sulston (the left) and Horvitz (R) under the guidance of all who work in Brunner, and with the
Nobel Prize.
Also perform the same function. Therefore, nematode studies, not only help us to understand the basic phenomena of life, but also significant medical value. The existence of human development as programmed cell death, this process if there is an error, damn cell death, but not fucking dead cells, can cause disease.
Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine awarded
Usually only to very specific work. This grant is "Organ development and programmed cell death in the genetic control." Nematode Yongtubingbu limited to, In many research areas Ye Huo De wide range of applications, yes, Ru Brunner had Suoyu Liao’s, Yong C. elegans research Shenjingxitong of Yichuandiaokong, Yeshi fruit harvest. Current research in molecular biologists around the world there are
In different nematode individuals, cell lineage are the same, they have the exact same process of cell division and differentiation. Now, online insect life history of every cell of origin and fate have been identified, is the only multicellular organisms cell "fate map" has been mastered for. When in tracking cell lineage Sulston found that certain cells during development in
A particular moment is bound to die. During development, 1090 cells become symbiotic, that is, 131 of them will die. This death is not random, but are precisely controlled, known as "programmed cell death." So there must be genes involved in the control. Sulston found that cell death with the first gene nuc1.
Horwitz 1974 to do postdoctoral research laboratory
Brunner, followed by the Massachusetts Institute of Technology professors. He continued the work of Brenner and Sulston, a systematic search for control of programmed cell death genes. In the 1980s, first found two real control of cell death genes ced3 and ced4. Later, they found another gene ced9 in the fight against ced3 and ced4, protection of cells. He also
Every body cell.
C. elegans embryonic development of the electron microscope.
Genetics in the final analysis, is one of the consequences of mutation of science, so if you can not find a suitable mutants, even the best experimental material is useless. Brenner found that can be induced with ethyl methane nematode gene mutation, in 1967, received the first nematode mutants.
In 1974, Brunner in the "Genetics" magazine published an article on the nematode genetics papers. In this landmark paper, Brunner will use genetic analysis and microscopic observation of cell division are combined proven to cause mutations in many genes, and then observe the impact of mutation on organ development. Therefore, a new area of research establishing up.
Nobel Prize in
Physiology or Medicine this year’s other two winners had to work under the guidance of Brunner. Sulston in 1969 to Brunner laboratory, C. elegans cell lineage with a microscope, that is, each cell of which cells are the descendants of all body cells has been traced back to a common "ancestor" fertilization eggs. He found that very precise passage cells,
Sperm, egg, , reproductive, and aging, death. It has a nervous system, there is a "brain" (nerve ring), it also showed learning, memory and capacity. It is only 6 pairs of chromosomes (humans have 23 pairs), but contains nearly 20,000 genes (approximately 30,000 genes of people), at the gene level is not simple. Several features make C. elegans an ideal
Experimental animals. Its life cycle is very short, three days after sexual maturity, average life expectancy of only about 13 days, thus suitable for genetic experiments, in the short term could be observed experimental results. Its natural environment is the soil to feed on bacteria, it is easy to cultivate in the laboratory, can it support the growth of E.
Coli in a culture dish. Most are hermaphroditic nematode (a few of them male), and selffertilization, so easy to save the gene mutation. Its body structure is very simple, and cell number is fixed, adult body cell number is 959, it can track the fate of every cell. Its body is transparent under the microscope for observation and manipulation of
Biology. Brenner to Caenorhabditis elegans has become an important experimental material. But obviously not for the singlecell biological research and development and nervous system, must use the multicellular organisms. However, if the start with higher organisms, it is difficult to start. Evolution tells us that the simplest of biological organisms and between the most complex, are there similar to the
Basic law. At the molecular level, biological basically the same. The success of molecular biology, largely due to the use of simple biology as a model, then the results to the entire biosphere. Brenner decided to follow the same principle as simple as possible to find a multicellular organisms as research material. In 1963, he submitted to the British Medical
Research Council’s report, the first time of the worm. Later on, he was selected Caenorhabditis elegans () This worm.
Caenorhabditis elegans is a very primitive animals, only about 1 mm length. But it is a "typical" multicellular organisms: from a fertilized egg, through cell division, migration, differentiation of this complex developmental process, grow into adults. After the formation of mature